Agaricus Blazei Murrill (Subrufescens)
Immune System Stimulation by Medicinal Mushrooms
Medicinal mushrooms typically stimulate the immune system through innate immunity, primarily mediated by phagocytic cells. These cells consume invasive pathogens or interact with pathogen components, promoting the release of cytokines and chemokines, which further activate both innate and adaptive immunity. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mannose receptors, and dectin-1, identify conserved chemical patterns in microorganisms, initiating the immune response. The use of immunomodulating compounds derived from these mushrooms has grown in popularity. For instance, lentinan has been extensively used in Japan to treat cancer patients.
Agaricus blazei Murill
Agaricus blazei Murill (subrufescens) is a member of the basidiomycetes family. This edible mushroom is native to Piedade, a small coastal community in Brazil near São Paulo.
Agaricus blazei is also known by several other names, including ‘Cogumelo do Sol’ in Brazil and ‘Himematsutake’ in Japan. It is often referred to as God’s mushroom, Mushroom of the Sun, Almond mushroom, or Princess. Although its native habitat is Brazil, it is commercially grown for the Brazilian, Chinese, and Japanese food markets. Great care is taken to replicate the conditions of its native habitat, thereby preserving its natural nutritional and therapeutic properties.
Description and Identification of Agaricus Blazei Murrill
Agaricus blazei Murrill Identification
Cap: The cap is 5–18 cm in diameter, starting hemispherical and becoming increasingly convex. Its color ranges from white to red-brown, and its texture is silky-fibrillose, evolving into minute, overlapping scales.
Gills: The gills are free, white, and densely packed, eventually turning a darker black-brown.
Stem: The stem is 6 to 15 cm long and 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter at the top, becoming more bulbous towards the base. It is composed of tufted fibers that become scalier closer to the base.
Smell: When crushed, the mushroom emits a scent reminiscent of almonds.
Taste: The taste is sweet, similar to green nuts.
Spores: The spores are smooth.
Spore Color: Under the microscope, the spore color is purple-brown.
Edibility: Edible.
Habitat: Originally found in the soil of Brazilian rainforests.
Uses and Benefits of Agaricus blazei Murrill
Agaricus blazei Murill is valued for its nutritional and medicinal benefits, making it a potential treatment for various illnesses, including chronic hepatitis and cancer. The mushroom’s anti-tumorigenic and immunological properties are particularly noteworthy. Typically, medicinal use involves extracting components from the mushroom’s fruiting body. There are legendary claims that elderly people in the region where this mushroom was discovered experienced fewer serious ailments, possibly due to incorporating it into their diets. Since its spores were sent to Japan in the mid-1960s, extensive scientific research has been conducted on its biological properties.
Immune System Impact
Agaricus blazei has a significant impact on the immune system. Scientific evidence supports its role in immunomodulating diseases like asthma, which require dampening of the immune response, as well as boosting the immune system to combat microbial infections. The mushroom’s anti-tumorigenic qualities are also strongly supported by research.
Polysaccharide-Rich Fruiting Body
The fruiting body of Agaricus blazei is rich in polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, which are known to modulate the innate immune system. Other studies suggest that Agaricus blazei Murrill may modulate the immune system through mechanisms beyond β-glucans. Research on an Agaricus blazei mycelium extract, which is deficient in polysaccharides compared to the fruiting body, showed anti-tumorigenic effects when combined with elements from two other mushrooms. This indicates that Agaricus blazei Murrill may have additional benefits yet to be fully recognized. Ongoing research continues to explore the expanding advantages of dietary supplementation with this mushroom extract.
Immune System Assistance
Immunomodulatory Effects of Agaricus blazei Murrill
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody secreted in response to allergic reactions and is associated with hypersensitivity, such as in asthma. Studies have shown that allergy and asthma responses are reduced during the pollen season with the administration of Agaricus blazei Murrill. In animal models of asthma, Agaricus blazei murrill improved the immunological response.
The immune system’s T cell balance, particularly the TH1 and TH2 populations, is crucial for immunity. TH2 stimulates IgE release and has anti-inflammatory properties, while TH1 is linked to a greater pro-inflammatory response. A balanced TH1/TH2 response is essential to prevent hypersensitivity seen in allergic reactions.
Agaricus blazei appears to act as an immunomodulator, potentially suppressing an overly sensitive immune response while also preventing infections. This delicate balance helps in managing conditions like asthma and allergies.
Dosage, Effects, Safety, Risks, and Warnings for Agaricus blazei Murrill
The optimal dosage of Agaricus blazei is currently unknown. Despite extensive research, dosages vary between studies and depend on different experimental setups. Notably, one study on cancer survivors used daily doses of 1.8g, 3.6g, or 5.4g of Agaricus blazei granulated powder for six months as a dietary supplement. The study monitored adverse effects and concluded that they were not dose-related. Reported side effects included nausea, diarrhea, and digestive discomfort, with one participant experiencing liver malfunction due to an allergic reaction.
Interestingly, the high fiber content of the Agaricus blazei supplement may have alleviated constipation symptoms, potentially contributing to the diarrhea experienced by some patients.
Toxicity tests in mice showed no evident pathological abnormalities, except for an increase in the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in female mice at medium-high dosages.
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What Is a Spore Syringe?
A spore syringe is a syringe that contains mushroom spores, which function similarly to plant seeds as the reproductive units of fungi.
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