What Are Agaricus Campestris Mushrooms?
The field mushroom, Agaricus campestris, is the most popular wild mushroom in Britain and Ireland. These mushrooms, which appear in summer and early fall, can sometimes be found in large quantities in meadows where sheep, cattle, or horses graze, though this is not always the case. Cap color is not a reliable characteristic for identifying these mushrooms, as some field mushrooms have dark-brown cap scales while others are smooth and nearly pure white.
Field mushrooms are widely available and common in Britain and Ireland, and they are found globally. They are present in most of Europe, North Africa, Asia (including India, China, and Japan), as well as the USA, Canada, and Australia. The species retains its binomial scientific name, Agaricus campestris, given by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.
Two rare variants have been identified in Britain, leading to the official designation of the nominate variety as Agaricus campestris var. campestris. Other names for similar species include Pratella campestris (L.) Gray, Psalliota campestris (L.) Quél., and Psalliota flocculosa Rea.
Historically, Psalliota campestris was a common synonym for Agaricus campestris. This name, derived from a Greek word referring to their stem rings, was used for a long time for ‘true mushrooms’ now classified as Agaricus species.
The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is strikingly similar to the white-fleshed Agaricus campestris. Although widely known and found worldwide, Agaricus campestris may be less prevalent today due to habitat loss and chemical treatments. In North America, this mushroom is often called the meadow mushroom or field mushroom. Where to buy Meadow Mushroom in Sydney
Meadow mushrooms typically appear in late summer or early fall after rainfall. They can be found in meadows, fields, and other grassy areas like playing fields, pathways, and parks. Agaricus campestris can have a stocky appearance with an early ring or skirt around the stem, which may fade but leave a trace. Some suggest that a reliable way to identify a meadow mushroom is by the way the cuticle hangs over the cap.
How to Identify and Describe Agaricus campestris Mushrooms
Cap: The cap is fleshy and white, ranging from 3 to 10 cm in diameter. It starts hemispherical and flattens out with age.
Gills: The gills are densely packed, free from the stem, and transition from pink to dark brown as the mushroom matures.
Stem: The stem, which supports the cap, is 3–10 cm tall and about 1–2 cm in diameter. It may appear fleshy and light pink, with a surface that can be either scaly or smooth.
Smell: Characteristic mushroomy aroma.
Taste: Pleasant flavor.
Spores: Measuring 6.5-8.5 x 4-5 µm; microscopic analysis is required for precise identification.
Spore Color: Brown.
Edibility: Edible.
Habitat: Found in grassy areas such as lawns, fields, and meadows. They can appear alone, in small groups, or occasionally in ‘fairy’ rings.
Environment: Saprobic, growing on decaying organic matter.
Scientific Classification:
- Phylum: Basidiomycota
- Class: Agaricomycetes
- Order: Agaricales
- Family: Agaricaceae
- Genus: Agaricus
Similar & Look-Alike Mushrooms
- Agaricus arvensis (Horse Mushroom): Larger than Agaricus campestris, it starts with a similar white cap that turns more yellow with age.
- Amanita virosa (Destroying Angel): Toxic and resembles Agaricus campestris, so caution is needed when foraging.
- Agaricus xanthodermus (Yellow Stainer): Can cause stomach upset and leaves a yellow stain.
Benefits of Agaricus campestris
Psalliota campestris, an extract from Agaricus campestris, is noted for its use in cosmetics, particularly for its skin-conditioning effects. Interestingly, the meadow mushroom has been identified as a bio-indicator for trace amounts of silver in its growing medium. Additionally, it may have potential applications in soil purification following exposure to motor oil, offering novel properties for environmental cleanup, although more research is needed.
Some species in the Agaricus genus have various therapeutic uses. Agaricus campestris was successfully used to treat typhoid in Calcutta as early as the 1950s. Subsequent research has revealed additional medicinal benefits, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, blood glucose-regulating, and antimicrobial properties. Nutritionally, the fruiting body’s fatty acid composition is rich in linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid required in the human diet.
1. Antioxidant
Oxidative stress and damage can contribute to the progression of diseases like cancer. Agaricus campestris has been found to reduce cellular damage and cell death when exposed to hydrogen peroxide, one of the most aggressive free radicals. This suggests that Agaricus campestris offers a valuable natural option for protecting against oxidative damage.
2. Anti-cancer
The cytotoxic effects of Agaricus campestris were tested on breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and laryngeal carcinoma (HEp-2) cancer cells. Using hexane as the solvent, the extract demonstrated cytotoxic potential, indicating that it may be capable of killing cancer cells in vitro.
3. Anti-diabetic
Agaricus campestris has shown potential in regulating blood glucose levels by influencing the production of insulin and glucagon, which respectively lower and raise blood glucose levels. Early experiments on rat pancreatic islet cells demonstrated that Agaricus campestris increased the secretion of these hormones. In a mouse model of diabetes, the mushroom reduced hyperglycemia through both diet and water consumption, bringing glucose levels close to those of non-diabetic control mice by day 12.
The dosage used was 2.5 g/L in drinking water and 62.5 g/kg of food. In vitro, Agaricus campestris enhanced glucose absorption and accelerated the conversion of glucose to glycogen (glucogenesis), both of which are impaired in diabetes. The results with Agaricus campestris alone were comparable to those achieved with a combination of Agaricus campestris and insulin.
4. Antimicrobial
With the rise of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria, alternative therapies are essential. Agaricus campestris extract made from methanol has demonstrated antimicrobial properties. Studies have shown that it inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Another investigation confirmed that wild Agaricus campestris inhibited the growth of Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive bacterium found in food.
Dosage For Agaricus Campestris
Nutritional Value of Agaricus campestris
Agaricus campestris, an edible mushroom, contains valuable nutrients. However, these nutritional values can vary between mushroom species due to the diversity of chemicals and the extraction solvents used.
Side Effects & Toxicology of Agaricus campestris
Agaricus campestris is long recognized as edible and non-toxic. However, it is crucial to ensure proper identification before consumption to avoid confusion with hazardous species.
Related Species and Habitat
The common supermarket button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), related to field mushrooms, is saprobic, meaning its mycelium consumes dead plant matter in the soil, such as grass roots. Field mushrooms can grow in fairy rings but typically appear as lone individuals or in small, seemingly random clusters. In the late summer, meadows grazed by cart horses would turn white with the prolific fruiting of field mushrooms. My grandfather’s fields were manually picked, and the hay was hauled away by horse-drawn carts. Even sixty years ago, it was not unusual to pick as many mushrooms in half an hour as one person could carry home.
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